Child Labor in Cocoa Production in Côte d’Ivoire and Ghana
This study assesses and measures changes in the prevalence of working children, children in child labor, and children in hazardous child labor in the cocoa growing areas of Côte d’Ivoire and Ghana between 2008/09 and 2018/19 and provides point estimates for the same in 2018/19.
NORC spent the last five years working closely and collaboratively with the United States Department of Labor, the governments of Côte d’Ivoire and Ghana, the World Cocoa Foundation, Civil Society Organizations, and multiple international organizations with an interest in child labor.
Assessment
We compared the trend in prevalence of child labor and hazardous child labor in cocoa production using data from all agricultural households with at least one eligible child age 5-17 (including both cocoa growing households and other agricultural households that did not grow cocoa) from cocoa growing areas of Côte d’Ivoire and Ghana.
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Data Graphic:
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Interventions targeting child labor over the past ten years (2008/09 to 2018/19) have likely focused on the high cocoa production areas where prevalence is more apparent and the perceived need interventions is greatest.
Study Findings
Interventions targeting child labor over the past ten years (2008/09 to 2018/19) have likely focused on the high cocoa production areas where prevalence is more apparent and the perceived need interventions is greatest. Interventions targeting child labor over the past ten years (2008/09 to 2018/19) have likely focused on the high cocoa production areas where prevalence is more apparent and the perceived need interventions is greatest.
Interventions targeting child labor over the past ten years (2008/09 to 2018/19) have likely focused on the high cocoa production areas where prevalence is more apparent and the perceived need interventions is greatest.
Interventions targeting child labor over the past ten years (2008/09 to 2018/19) have likely focused on the high cocoa production areas where prevalence is more apparent and the perceived need interventions is greatest.
Headline Phrase
When considering impact of livelihood support, the rate of child labor was lower among the households that received livelihood services compared to similar households that did not receive such services; no such impact of livelihood services was detected on children’s exposure to hazardous child labor in cocoa production.
Summary
Headline Phrase
When considering impact of occupational safety and health (OSH) training, youth who received formal OSH training were more likely to use at least some of the protective gear while working in agriculture although the quantitative analysis was unable to detect any effect of OSH training on the likelihood of exposure to hazardous child labor among youth.
The effort comprises seven separate studies in three areas:
- Forced labor of Bangladeshi and Indian migrants in Gulf Cooperation Council countries
- Commercial sexual exploitation of children in select destination areas of India
- Forced labor in informal apparel factories in select districts of Bangladesh and India
Headline Phrase
Changes in occupational safety practices were more often reported by boys than girls in both countries. This correlates with reported differences in girls and boys reported on-farm and off-farm activities, as boys reported more chemical use and sharp tool use as part of their on-farm activities. While all youth found occupational safety training to be insightful, youth felt more empowered to implement what they learned when their parents received similar training around occupational safety and health.
Methodology
Headline Phrase
Changes in occupational safety practices were more often reported by boys than girls in both countries. This correlates with reported differences in girls and boys reported on-farm and off-farm activities, as boys reported more chemical use and sharp tool use as part of their on-farm activities. While all youth found occupational safety training to be insightful, youth felt more empowered to implement what they learned when their parents received similar training around occupational safety and health.
Changes in occupational safety practices were more often reported by boys than girls in both countries. This correlates with reported differences in girls and boys reported on-farm and off-farm activities, as boys reported more chemical use and sharp tool use as part of their on-farm activities. While all youth found occupational safety training to be insightful, youth felt more empowered to implement what they learned when their parents received similar training around occupational safety and health.
Looking Ahead
The findings of this mixed-methods assessment present a strong case for understanding child labor and hazardous child labor in cocoa production as a complex problem requiring multiple complementary solutions.
Funding for this project was provided by the U.S. Department of Labor under Cooperative Agreement number IL-28104-15-75-K-17. One hundred percent of the total costs of the project or program is financed with federal funds, for a total of $3,458,681.00 dollars. The statements found in the report do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the Department of Labor, nor does mention of trade names, commercial products, or organizations imply endorsement by the U.S. government